ANTI-AGINGPreclinicalANTI-AGINGSKIN REPAIRCOLLAGEN SYNTHESIS

GHK-Cu

Also known as: Copper Peptide GHK · Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine copper · Lamin

28.9k views/week 538 citations 0 edits Updated 4/6/2026

GHK-Cu is a naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide with the sequence Gly-His-Lys. It plays a critical role in wound healing, skin remodeling, collagen synthesis, and anti-aging processes, with a unique ability to reset gene expression patterns.

STRUCTURE

Molecular Composition

FORMULA
C₁₄H₂₄N₆O₄ · Cu
MOL. WEIGHT
340.84 Da
SEQUENCE LENGTH
3 amino acids
CAS NUMBER
49557-75-7
CHARGE
+2 (Cu²⁺)
SOLUBILITY
Water-soluble
AMINO ACID CHAIN VISUALIZATION
G
Glycine
N-terminal anchor
NH-CO
H
Histidine
Cu²⁺ coordination
NH-CO
K
Lysine
Cu²⁺ stabilizer
Cu²⁺
COPPER ION COORDINATION
Cu²⁺ binds via His imidazole N, Gly amine N, and peptide backbone
SEQUENCEG-H-K · Cu²⁺
MECHANISMS

How It Works

🧬
Collagen Synthesis
Stimulates fibroblasts to upregulate collagen types I, III, and IV, improving skin tensile strength and elasticity. Studies show up to 70% increase in collagen production.
Wound Healing
Accelerates wound contraction and re-epithelialization. Promotes angiogenesis and attracts immune cells and fibroblasts to wound sites, reducing healing time.
🛡
Antioxidant Activity
GHK-Cu chelates copper to prevent free radical generation via Fenton reactions. Also upregulates antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase.
🔬
Gene Regulation
Modulates over 4,000 genes — resetting aging gene expression patterns toward a younger phenotype. Activates genes involved in tissue remodeling and suppresses inflammatory pathways.
OVERVIEW

Research Overview

GHK (Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) was first identified in human plasma in 1973. When bound to copper (Cu²⁺), it forms the highly bioactive complex GHK-Cu, which is naturally present in human plasma, saliva, and urine, with concentrations declining significantly with age.

Remarkably, GHK-Cu has been shown to modulate the expression of over 4,000 genes — approximately 31% of the human genome — and to reset gene expression patterns to a state associated with younger, healthier tissue. This makes it one of the most thoroughly studied peptides in cosmetic and regenerative medicine.

Mechanism of Action

// COPPER TRANSPORT & ENZYME ACTIVATION

GHK-Cu delivers copper ions to enzymes like lysyl oxidase, which is critical for cross-linking collagen and elastin fibers, directly improving skin tensile strength and elasticity.

// GENE EXPRESSION MODULATION

GHK-Cu activates genes associated with wound healing, anti-inflammatory signaling (NF-κB suppression), and antioxidant defense while downregulating genes associated with cancer progression and aging.

SEQUENCE

Amino Acid Sequence

Gly-His-Lys
DOSAGE

Dosage & Administration

TOPICAL (SKINCARE)
DOSE
1–5% concentration
FREQUENCY
Once or twice daily
NOTES
Most researched route. Apply to clean skin. Stable in formulations at pH 6–7.
INJECTABLE (RESEARCH)
DOSE
1–2 mg per administration
FREQUENCY
3×/week or every other day
NOTES
Subcutaneous injection. Research context only — not approved for human therapeutic use. Reconstitute in bacteriostatic water.
INTRANASAL (EXPERIMENTAL)
DOSE
100–300 µg per dose
FREQUENCY
1–2×/day
NOTES
Investigated for neuroprotective effects. Highly experimental — limited human data available.

GHK-Cu is generally well-tolerated at studied concentrations. The copper component is essential for bioactivity — use peptide-copper chelate form, not free copper. Skin sensitivity may occur with high topical concentrations. Always source from reputable suppliers with CoA.

CYCLING

Cycle Duration Guide

ON CYCLE
Topical: Continuous use supported by research. Injectable: 6–8 weeks on.
OFF CYCLE
Topical: No mandatory off-cycle. Injectable: 2–4 weeks off.

Topical GHK-Cu can be used continuously — it does not downregulate receptors with chronic use and has demonstrated long-term safety in cosmetic research. For injectable protocols in research contexts, cycling prevents potential desensitization and allows assessment of effects.

Quick Reference
FORMULAC₁₄H₂₄CuN₆O₄
MOL. WEIGHT340.84 Da
LENGTH3 amino acids
ORIGINFound naturally in human plasma, saliva, and urine
HALF-LIFEShort plasma half-life; topical application preferred for cosmetic use
SOLUBILITYWater soluble; forms stable complex with copper ions
CAS NO.49557-75-7
STATUSPreclinical
View on PubChem
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TAGS
anti-agingskin repaircollagen synthesishair growthwound healing